What Is a Cannabinoid? Definition, Types, and Role in the Body

Cannabinoids are a broad family of compounds capable of interacting with the endocannabinoid system — a vital biological network found in humans and most mammals. These molecules influence many physiological processes such as mood, sleep, appetite, and pain regulation.

A bit of history: the first scientific discoveries

Modern cannabinoid research began in the 1960s thanks to the work of Israeli professor Raphael Mechoulam. His team isolated and identified the main cannabis molecules, including THC and CBD. These pioneering studies opened the door to the discovery of more than a hundred different cannabinoids present in the plant.

Today, researchers around the world continue to study their properties and their interactions with the human body to better understand their potential.

The three main families of cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are classified into three main categories based on their origin:

1. Phytocannabinoids (plant-derived)

These are molecules naturally produced by the cannabis plant. Among the best known are THC, CBD, CBG, and CBN. Each phytocannabinoid has its own specific effect profile.

2. Endocannabinoids (produced by the body)

The human body produces its own cannabinoids, known as endocannabinoids. The most well-known are anandamide and 2-AG. They play a key role in maintaining homeostasis — the body’s internal balance.

3. Synthetic cannabinoids (laboratory-made)

Some cannabinoids are created artificially for research purposes or for specific medical applications. They are not related to the illegal substances commonly referred to as “synthetic cannabinoids,” which are often dangerous.

Why are these molecules so interesting to scientists?

Cannabinoids act directly on the CB1 and CB2 receptors of the endocannabinoid system. This system regulates many functions, including:

• stress management;
• sleep–wake cycle;
• appetite;
• inflammation;
• pain;
• mood.

Each cannabinoid interacts differently with these receptors, which explains the diversity of their effects.

In summary

Cannabinoids form a complex family of natural or synthetic compounds that interact with the human endocannabinoid system. Discoveries in recent decades have helped clarify their mechanisms and potential, paving the way for ongoing research.